The pattern should allow to represent different types of food substitutes in recipes, and recipe process, and overall notion of food substitution.

General, Event Processing

• What ingredient is being replaced with another ingredient or a set of ingredients?
• What are the dietary features of the ingredient?
• What are the food technology features of the ingredient?
• What are nutrition values the ingredient has?
• What is the quantity of the ingredient being processed in the recipe? What is the unit of the quantity?
• What is the objective of ingredient substitution?
• What conditions (dietary and technological) are specified for selecting the target ingredient?
• How is the ingredient processed in the given recipe?
• What is the ratio for substitution of one ingredient into another?
• What ingredient substitutions are possible in the recipe?
• What ingredient substitutions are available in the recipe given dietary constraints?
• What are available substitutes for a given food item? What are substitutes for the ingredient in the recipe?

The need for substitutions occurs when there are constraints in a person diet due to health issues or other reasons.

Scenario 1: substitution due to lack of product.
Objective: In this scenario, the substitute must replicate nutritional value, i.e. also be a good source of fibre. Description: Persona X decided to prepare risotto. However, when preparing the dish, she found that she had run out of brown rice. The recipe she used did not provide any information on the ingredient(s) with which the rice could be replaced. Furthermore, Persona X has decided to eat healthily and wonders which possible rice substitute would meet her expectations, i.e. would not only be technologically suitable but above all would be a good source of dietary fibre.

Scenario 2: substitution due to the need to exclude a particular product for health reasons.
Objective: In this scenario, the substitute must meet health requirements.
Description: Persona Y decided to make a dairy dessert with fruit for a birthday party. However, it turned out that one of the guests had a diagnosed allergy to cow’s milk protein and nuts. In order not to completely abandon the idea of preparing a sweet snack, Persona Y decided to replace the milk with another ingredient. Unfortunately, she has no idea which product would make a good substitute for milk. Her husband has given her the idea that it could be an almond drink. However, she is not convinced thatit would be a suitable replacement as the guest has a diagnosed nut allergy.

Scenario 3: substitution due to the need to exclude a specific product for health reasons.
Objective: In this scenario, the substitute must meet the technological requirements, i.e.it must give the same sweetness to the dish as sugar.
Description: Persona Z is in the process of preparing baked cookies for a family gathering. However, she finds out that one of the participants will be her grandmother -type 2 diabetes. Therefore, she decided not to use added sugar in the baked goods.Unfortunately, the younger guests would not appreciate cookies without sugar ’s sweet taste. So Persona Z wondered what she could do to replace the sugar in the cookies to keep them sweet. Admittedly, her sister has suggested that erythritol is a popularsugar substitute in recent times. However, two doubts remained to be resolved: (1) will erythritol not lose its sweetness during baking, (2) in what ratio to replace sugar with erythritol to get similar sweetness?